A Prospective Study of the Effect of Hypertension and Baseline Blood Pressure on Cognitive Decline and Dementia in Postmenopausal Women: The Women's Health Initiative Memory Study
Karen C. Johnson MD, MPH
From the *Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee†Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota‡Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina§Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas∥Institute for the Study of Aging, New York, New York#Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts**Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii††Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas‡‡Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa§§Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorKaren L. Margolis MD, MPH
From the *Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee†Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota‡Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina§Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas∥Institute for the Study of Aging, New York, New York#Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts**Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii††Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas‡‡Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa§§Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorMark A. Espeland PhD
From the *Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee†Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota‡Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina§Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas∥Institute for the Study of Aging, New York, New York#Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts**Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii††Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas‡‡Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa§§Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorChristopher C. Colenda MD
From the *Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee†Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota‡Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina§Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas∥Institute for the Study of Aging, New York, New York#Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts**Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii††Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas‡‡Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa§§Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorHoward Fillit MD
From the *Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee†Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota‡Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina§Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas∥Institute for the Study of Aging, New York, New York#Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts**Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii††Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas‡‡Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa§§Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorJoAnn E. Manson MD, DrPH
From the *Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee†Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota‡Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina§Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas∥Institute for the Study of Aging, New York, New York#Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts**Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii††Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas‡‡Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa§§Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorKamal H. Masaki MD
From the *Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee†Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota‡Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina§Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas∥Institute for the Study of Aging, New York, New York#Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts**Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii††Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas‡‡Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa§§Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorCharles P. Mouton MD, MS
From the *Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee†Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota‡Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina§Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas∥Institute for the Study of Aging, New York, New York#Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts**Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii††Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas‡‡Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa§§Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorRonald Prineas MD, PhD
From the *Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee†Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota‡Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina§Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas∥Institute for the Study of Aging, New York, New York#Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts**Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii††Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas‡‡Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa§§Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorJennifer G. Robinson MD, MPH
From the *Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee†Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota‡Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina§Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas∥Institute for the Study of Aging, New York, New York#Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts**Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii††Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas‡‡Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa§§Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorSylvia Wassertheil-Smoller PhD
From the *Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee†Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota‡Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina§Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas∥Institute for the Study of Aging, New York, New York#Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts**Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii††Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas‡‡Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa§§Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorfor the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study and Women's Health Initiative Investigators
From the *Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee†Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota‡Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina§Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas∥Institute for the Study of Aging, New York, New York#Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts**Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii††Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas‡‡Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa§§Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorKaren C. Johnson MD, MPH
From the *Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee†Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota‡Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina§Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas∥Institute for the Study of Aging, New York, New York#Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts**Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii††Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas‡‡Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa§§Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorKaren L. Margolis MD, MPH
From the *Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee†Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota‡Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina§Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas∥Institute for the Study of Aging, New York, New York#Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts**Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii††Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas‡‡Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa§§Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorMark A. Espeland PhD
From the *Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee†Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota‡Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina§Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas∥Institute for the Study of Aging, New York, New York#Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts**Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii††Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas‡‡Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa§§Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorChristopher C. Colenda MD
From the *Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee†Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota‡Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina§Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas∥Institute for the Study of Aging, New York, New York#Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts**Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii††Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas‡‡Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa§§Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorHoward Fillit MD
From the *Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee†Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota‡Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina§Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas∥Institute for the Study of Aging, New York, New York#Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts**Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii††Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas‡‡Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa§§Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorJoAnn E. Manson MD, DrPH
From the *Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee†Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota‡Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina§Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas∥Institute for the Study of Aging, New York, New York#Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts**Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii††Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas‡‡Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa§§Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorKamal H. Masaki MD
From the *Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee†Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota‡Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina§Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas∥Institute for the Study of Aging, New York, New York#Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts**Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii††Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas‡‡Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa§§Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorCharles P. Mouton MD, MS
From the *Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee†Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota‡Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina§Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas∥Institute for the Study of Aging, New York, New York#Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts**Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii††Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas‡‡Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa§§Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorRonald Prineas MD, PhD
From the *Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee†Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota‡Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina§Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas∥Institute for the Study of Aging, New York, New York#Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts**Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii††Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas‡‡Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa§§Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorJennifer G. Robinson MD, MPH
From the *Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee†Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota‡Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina§Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas∥Institute for the Study of Aging, New York, New York#Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts**Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii††Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas‡‡Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa§§Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorSylvia Wassertheil-Smoller PhD
From the *Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee†Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota‡Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina§Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas∥Institute for the Study of Aging, New York, New York#Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts**Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii††Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas‡‡Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa§§Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorfor the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study and Women's Health Initiative Investigators
From the *Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee†Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota‡Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina§Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas∥Institute for the Study of Aging, New York, New York#Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts**Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii††Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas‡‡Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa§§Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationship between baseline hypertension, blood pressure, and the development of cognitive decline in participants in the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS).
DESIGN: Prospective analyses.
SETTING: Thirty-nine centers.
PARTICIPANTS: Seven thousand one hundred forty-nine women aged 65 and older.
MEASUREMENTS: The Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS) was used to assess global cognitive functioning. Participants who scored below pre-established cutpoints were scheduled for more-extensive neurocognitive assessments. Results from these assessments were centrally adjudicated.
RESULTS: The mean age of this group of 7,149 participants at baseline was 71.0 ± 3.8, and the mean 3MS score was 95.2 ± 4.3. During a mean follow-up period of 4.5 years, women without hypertension tended to have slightly higher 3MS scores than women with hypertension (P=.001), but the difference was not seen after adjustment for covariates (P=.17). Women with hypertension also appeared to be at greater risk for probable dementia or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (hazard ratio=1.35, 95% confidence interval=1.07–1.70, P=.01), although when potential cofounders were accounted for, this association was no longer significant (P=.06).
CONCLUSION: Hypertension and high blood pressure at baseline were not independently associated with MCI or probable dementia over time in older, cognitively intact, postmenopausal women enrolled in WHIMS after other potential confounders were taken into account. These analyses should not be viewed as discouraging appropriate medical treatment for hypertension.
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