Quality Indicators for the Care of Osteoarthritis in Vulnerable Elders
Catherine H. MacLean MD, PhD
RAND Health, Santa Monica, California
David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
Programs in Clinical Excellence, Wellpoint Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
Search for more papers by this authorJames N. Pencharz BSc, MSC
Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Search for more papers by this authorKenneth G. Saag MD, MSc
Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Center for Education and Research on Therapeutics of Musculoskeletal Disorders, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
Search for more papers by this authorCatherine H. MacLean MD, PhD
RAND Health, Santa Monica, California
David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
Programs in Clinical Excellence, Wellpoint Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
Search for more papers by this authorJames N. Pencharz BSc, MSC
Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Search for more papers by this authorKenneth G. Saag MD, MSc
Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Center for Education and Research on Therapeutics of Musculoskeletal Disorders, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
Search for more papers by this author
REFERENCES
- 1 Felson D. The epidemiology of osteoarthritis: Results from the Framingham Osteoarthritis Study. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1990; 20 (Supp 1): 42–50.
- 2 Hughes S, Dunlop D. The prevalence and impact of arthritis in older persons. Arthritis Care Res 1995; 8: 257–264.
- 3 Lawrence RC, Helmick CG, Arnett FC et al. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and selected musculoskeletal disorders in the United States. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41: 778–799.
- 4 Hughes S, Edelman P, Chang R et al. The GERI-AIMS: Reliability and validity of the arthritis impact measurement scales adapted for elderly respondents. Arthritis Rheum 1991; 34: 856–865.
- 5 Verbrugge L, Lepkowski J, Konkol L. Levels of disability among U.S. adults with arthritis. J Gerontol 1991; 46: S71–S83.
- 6 Yelin E, Katz P. Transitions in health status among community-dwelling elderly people with arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1990; 33: 1205–1215.
- 7 Freund D, Dittus R. Assessing and Improving Outcomes: Total Knee Replacement: Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT). Final Report. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 1995.
- 8 Katz B, Freund D, Heck D et al. Demographic variation in the rate of knee replacement: A multi-year analysis. Health Serv Res 1996; 31: 125–140.
- 9 Hochberg M, Perlmutter D, Hudson J et al. Preferences in the management of osteoarthritis of the hip and knee: Results of a survey of community-based rheumatologists in the United States. Arthritis Care Res 1996; 9: 170–176.
- 10 Wenger NS, Roth CP, Shekelle PG and the ACOVE Investigators. Introduction to the Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders-3 Quality Indicator Measurement Set. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007; 55: S247–S252.
- 11 Pencharz JN, MacLean CH. Measuring quality in arthritis care: The Arthritis Foundation's quality indicator set for osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 51: 538–548.
- 12 Saag KG, Olivieri JJ, Patino F et al. Measuring quality in arthritis care: The Arthritis Foundation's quality indicator set for analgesics. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 51: 337–349.
- 13 Felson D, Zhang Y, Anthony J et al. Weight loss reduces the risk for symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in women: The Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116: 535–539.
- 14 Spector T, Hart D, Doyle D. Incidence and progression of osteoarthritis in women with unilateral knee disease in the general population: The effect of obesity. Ann Rheum Dis 1994; 53: 565–568.
- 15 Hochberg M, Lethbridge-Cejku M, Scott WJ et al. The association of body weight, body fatness and body fat distribution with osteoarthritis of the knee: Data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Rheumatol 1995; 22: 488–493.
- 16 Cicuttini F, Baker J, Spector T. The association of obesity with osteoarthritis of the hand and knee in women: A twin study. J Rheumatol 1996; 23: 1221–1226.
- 17 Felson D, Zhang Y, Hannan M et al. Risk factors for incident radiographic knee osteoarthritis in the elderly: The Framingham Study. Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40: 728–733.
- 18 Cooper C, Inskip H, Croft P et al. Individual risk factors for hip osteoarthritis: Obesity, hip injury, and physical activity. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 147: 516–522.
- 19 Shiozaki H, Koga Y, Omori G et al. Obesity and osteoarthritis of the knee in women: Results from the Matsudai Knee Osteoarthritis Survey. Knee 1999; 6: 189–192.
- 20 Cooper C, Snow S, McAlindon T et al. Risk factors for the incidence and progression of radiographic knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43: 995–1000.
- 21 Gelber A, Hochberg M, Mead L et al. Body mass index in young men and the risk of subsequent knee and hip osteoarthritis. Am J Med 1999; 107: 542–548.
- 22 Holmberg S, Thelin A, Thelin N. Knee osteoarthritis and body mass index: A population-based case-control study. Scand J Rheumatol 2005; 34: 59–64.
- 23 Lievense AM, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, Verhagen AP et al. Influence of obesity on the development of osteoarthritis of the hip: A systematic review. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002; 41: 1155–1162.
- 24 Karlson EW, Mandl LA, Aweh GN et al. Total hip replacement due to osteoarthritis: The importance of age, obesity, and other modifiable risk factors. Am J Med 2003; 114: 93–98.
- 25 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for obesity in adults: Recommendations and rationale. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139: 930–932.
- 26 Hochberg M, Altman R, Brandt K et al. Guidelines for the medical management of osteoarthritis: Part I. Osteoarthritis of the hip. Arthritis Rheum 1995; 38: 1535–1540.
- 27 Hochberg M, Altman R, Brandt K et al. Guidelines for the medical management of osteoarthritis: Part II. Osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Rheum 1995; 38: 1541–1546.
- 28 American College of Rheumatology Ad Hoc Committee on Clinical Guidelines. Guidelines for the initial evaluation of the adult patient with acute musculoskeletal symptoms. Arthritis Rheum 1996; 39: 1–8.
- 29 Coletta EM, Lally EV. Osteoarthritis. American Board of Family Practice Reference Guide, 8th Ed. 2002
- 30 Guideline for the Management of Pain in Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, and Juvenile Chronic Arthritis. Glenview, IL: American Pain Society, 2002.
- 31 Van Baar M, Assendelft W, Dekker J et al. Effectiveness of exercise therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42: 1361–1369.
- 32 American Geriatrics Society Panel on Exercise and Osteoarthritis. Exercise prescription for older adults with osteoarthritis pain: Consensus practice recommendations. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001; 49: 808–823.
- 33 Sigidin Y, Usova S. Comparative study of cyclosporin A in systemic rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Immunother 1994; 10: 61–65.
- 34 Roddy E, Zhang W, Doherty M et al. Evidence-based recommendations for the role of exercise in the management of osteoarthritis of the hip or knee—the MOVE consensus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005; 44: 67–73.
- 35 Bautch JC, Malone DG, Vailas AC. Effects of exercise on knee joints with osteoarthritis: A pilot study of biologic markers. Arthritis Care Res 1997; 10: 48–55.
- 36 Ettinger WH Jr, Burns R, Messier SP et al. A randomized trial comparing aerobic exercise and resistance exercise with a health education program in older adults with knee osteoarthritis. The Fitness Arthritis and Seniors Trial (FAST). JAMA 1997; 277: 25–31.
- 37 Kovar PA, Allegrante JP, MacKenzie CR et al. Supervised fitness walking in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116: 529–534.
- 38 Talbot LA, Gaines JM, Huynh TN et al. A home-based pedometer-driven walking program to increase physical activity in older adults with osteoarthritis of the knee: A preliminary study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; 51: 387–392.
- 39 Minor MA, Hewett JE, Webel RR et al. Efficacy of physical conditioning exercise in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1989; 32: 1396–1405.
- 40 Halbert J, Crotty M, Weller D et al. Primary care-based physical activity programs: Effectiveness in sedentary older patients with osteoarthritis symptoms. Arthritis Care Res 2001; 45: 228–234.
- 41 Chamberlain MA, Care G, Harfield B. Physiotherapy in osteoarthrosis of the knees. A controlled trial of hospital versus home exercises. Int Rehabil Med 1982; 4: 101–106.
- 42 Fransen M, Crosbie J, Edmonds J. Physical therapy is effective for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: A randomized controlled clinical trial. J Rheumatol 2001; 28: 156–164.
- 43 Gur H, Cakin N, Akova B et al. Concentric versus combined concentric-eccentric isokinetic training: Effects on functional capacity and symptoms in patients with osteoarthrosis of the knee. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002; 83: 308–316.
- 44 Maurer B, Stern A, Kinossian B et al. Osteoarthritis of the knee: Isokinetic quadriceps exercise versus an educational intervention. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1999; 80: 1293–1299.
- 45 Petrella R, Bartha C. Home based exercise therapy for older patients with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized clinical trial. J Rheumatol 2000; 27: 2215–2221.
- 46 Quilty B, Tucker M, Campbell R et al. Physiotherapy, including quadriceps exercises and patellar taping, for knee osteoarthritis with predominant patello-femoral joint involvement: Randomized controlled trial. J Rheumatol 2003; 30: 1311–1317.
- 47 Rogind H, Bibow-Nielsen B, Jensen B et al. The effects of a physical training program on patients with osteoarthritis of the knees. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998; 79: 1421–1427.
- 48 Schilke JM, Johnson GO, Housh TJ et al. Effects of muscle-strength training on the functional status of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee joint. Nurs Res 1996; 45: 68–72.
- 49 Topp R, Woolley S, Hornyak J et al. The effect of dynamic versus isometric resistance training on pain and functioning among adults with osteoarthritis of the knee. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002; 83: 1187–1195.
- 50 Wyatt FB, Milam S, Manske RC et al. The effects of aquatic and traditional exercise programs on persons with knee osteoarthritis. J Strength Cond Res 2001; 15: 337–340.
- 51 Callaghan M, Oldham J, Hunt J. An evaluation of exercise regimes for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: A single-blind randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 1995; 9: 213–218.
- 52 O'Reilly S, Muir K, Doherty M. Effectiveness of home exercise on pain and disability from osteoarthritis of the knee: A randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis 1999; 58: 15–19.
- 53 Thomas KS, Muir KR, Doherty M et al. Home based exercise programme for knee pain and knee osteoarthritis: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2002; 325: 752.
- 54 Kuptniratsaikul V, Tosayanonda O, Nilganuwong S et al. The efficacy of a muscle exercise program to improve functional performance of the knee in patients with osteoarthritis. J Med Assoc Thai 2002; 85: 33–40.
- 55 Baker K, Nelson M, Felson D et al. The efficacy of home based progressive strength training in older adults with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial. J Rheumatol 2001; 28: 1655–1665.
- 56 Hopman-Rock M, Westhoff M. The effects of a health educational and exercise program for older adults with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. J Rheumatol 2000; 27: 1947–1954.
- 57 Van Baar ME, Dekker J, Oostendorp RA et al. The effectiveness of exercise therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee: A randomized clinical trial. J Rheumatol 1998; 25: 2432–2439.
- 58 Richards JD, Sanchez-Ballester J, Jones RK et al. A comparison of knee braces during walking for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the medial compartment of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2005; 87: 937–939.
- 59 Universe of Adult Patients with Osteoarthritis of the Knee—Phase I. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, 2003.
- 60 Jordan KM, Arden NK, Doherty M et al. EULAR Recommendations 2003: An evidence based approach to the management of knee osteoarthritis: Report of a task force of the standing committee for international clinical studies including therapeutic trials (ESCISIT). Ann Rheum Dis 2003; 62: 1145–1155.
- 61 Medical Management of Adults with Osteoarthritis. Southfield, MI: Michigan Quality Improvement Consortium, 2003.
- 62 EBM Guideline editors. Treatment of Osteoarthritis. EBM Guidelines. Helsinki, Finland: Duodecim Medical Publications Ltd, 2004.
- 63 Dean E, Ross J. Relationships among cane fitting, function, and falls. Phys Ther 1993; 73: 494–504.
- 64 Toda Y, Tsukimura N. A six-month followup of a randomized trial comparing the efficacy of a lateral-wedge insole with subtalar strapping and an in-shoe lateral-wedge insole in patients with varus deformity osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50: 3129–3136.
- 65 Toda Y, Tsukimura N. A 2-year follow-up of a study to compare the efficacy of lateral wedged insoles with subtalar strapping and in-shoe lateral wedged insoles in patients with varus deformity osteoarthritis of the knee. Osteoarthr Cartil 2006; 14: 231–237.
- 66 Maillefert J, Hudry C, Baron G et al. Laterally elevated wedged insoles in the treatment of medial knee osteoarthritis: A prospective randomized controlled study. Osteoarthr Cartil 2001; 9: 738–745.
- 67 Pham T, Maillefert JF, Hudry C et al. Laterally elevated wedged insoles in the treatment of medial knee osteoarthritis. A two-year prospective randomized controlled study. Osteoarthr Cartil 2004; 12: 46–55.
- 68 Kirkley A, Webster-Bogaert S, Litchfield R et al. The effect of bracing on varus gonarthrosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1999; 81: 539–548.
- 69 Hassan B, Mockett S, Doherty M. Influence of elastic bandage on knee pain, proprioception, and postural sway in subjects with knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2002; 61: 24–28.
- 70 Mann W, Hurren D, Tomita M. Assistive devices used by home-based elderly persons with arthritis. Am J Occup Ther 1995; 49: 810–820.
- 71 Klinger L, Spaulding S. Occupational therapy treatment of chronic pain and use of assistive devices in older adults. Top Geriatr Rehabil 2001; 16: 34–44.
- 72 Zhang W, Jones A, Doherty M. Does paracetamol (acetaminophen) reduce the pain of osteoarthritis? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 63: 901–907.
- 73 Miceli-Richard C, Le Bars M, Schmidely N et al. Paracetamol in osteoarthritis of the knee. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 63: 923–930.
- 74 Lee C, Straus WL, Balshaw R et al. A comparison of the efficacy and safety of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents versus acetaminophen in the treatment of osteoarthritis: A meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 51: 746–754.
- 75 Towheed T, Maxwell L, Judd M et al. Acetaminophen for osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; (1):CD004257.
- 76 Bannwarth B. Gastrointestinal safety of paracetamol: Is there any cause for concern? Expert Opin Drug Saf 2004; 3: 269–272.
- 77 Lewis SC, Langman MJ, Laporte JR et al. Dose-response relationships between individual nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NANSAIDs) and serious upper gastrointestinal bleeding: A meta-analysis based on individual patient data. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 54: 320–326.
- 78 Garcia Rodriguez LA, Hernandez-Diaz S. Relative risk of upper gastrointestinal complications among users of acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Epidemiology 2001; 12: 570–576.
- 79 Griffin MR, Yared A, Ray WA. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and acute renal failure in elderly persons. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 151: 488–496.
- 80 Perez Gutthann S, Garcia Rodriguez LA, Raiford DS et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of hospitalization for acute renal failure. Arch Intern Med 1925; 156: 2433–2439.
- 81 Evans JM, McGregor E, McMahon AD et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and hospitalization for acute renal failure. QJM 1995; 88: 551–557.
- 82 Perneger TV, Whelton PK, Klag MJ. Risk of kidney failure associated with the use of acetaminophen, aspirin, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 1675–1679.
- 83 Sandler DP, Burr FR, Weinberg CR. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk for chronic renal disease. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115: 165–172.
- 84 Morlans M, Laporte JR, Vidal X et al. End-stage renal disease and non-narcotic analgesics: A case-control study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1990; 30: 717–723.
- 85 Pommer W, Bronder E, Greiser E et al. Regular analgesic intake and the risk of end-stage renal failure. Am J Nephrol 1989; 9: 403–412.
- 86 Murray TG, Stolley PD, Anthony JC et al. Epidemiologic study of regular analgesic use and end-stage renal disease. Arch Intern Med 1983; 143: 1687–1693.
- 87 Swan SK, Rudy DW, Lasseter KC et al. Effect of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition on renal function in elderly persons receiving a low-salt diet. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2000; 133: 1–9.
- 88 Rossat J, Maillard M, Nussberger J et al. Renal effects of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition in normotensive salt-depleted subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999; 66: 76–84.
- 89 Catella-Lawson F, McAdam B, Morrison BW et al. Effects of specific inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 on sodium balance, hemodynamics, and vasoactive eicosanoids. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999; 289: 735–741.
- 90 Blantz RC. Acetaminophen: Acute and chronic effects on renal function. Am J Kidney Dis 1996; 28 (1 Suppl 1): S3–S6.
- 91 Eccles M, Freemantle N, Mason J. North of England Evidence Based Guideline Development Project: Summary guideline for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs versus basic analgesia in treating the pain of degenerative arthritis. The North of England Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Guideline Development Group. BMJ 1998; 317: 526–530.
- 92 Maddrey WC. Drug-induced hepatotoxicity: 2005. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005; 39 (4 Suppl 2): S83–S89.
- 93 Lee WM. Drug-induced hepatotoxicity. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 474–485.
- 94 Zimmerman HJ, Maddrey WC. Acetaminophen (paracetamol) hepatotoxicity with regular intake of alcohol: Analysis of instances of therapeutic misadventure. Hepatology 1995; 22: 767–773.
- 95 Johnston SC, Pelletier LL Jr. Enhanced hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen in the alcoholic patient. Two case reports and a review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1997; 76: 185–191.
- 96 Schmidt LE, Dalhoff K, Poulsen HE. Acute versus chronic alcohol consumption in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. Hepatology 2002; 35: 876–882.
- 97 Schiodt FV, Rochling FA, Casey DL et al. Acetaminophen toxicity in an urban county hospital. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1112–1117.
- 98 Seeff LB, Cuccherini BA, Zimmerman HJ et al. Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in alcoholics. A therapeutic misadventure. Ann Intern Med 1986; 104: 399–404.
- 99 Whitcomb DC, Block GD. Association of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity with fasting and ethanol use. JAMA 1994; 272: 1845–1850.
- 100 Eriksson LS, Broome U, Kalin M et al. Hepatotoxicity due to repeated intake of low doses of paracetamol. J Intern Med 1992; 231: 567–570.
- 101 Bonkovsky HL, Kane RE, Jones DP et al. Acute hepatic and renal toxicity from low doses of acetaminophen in the absence of alcohol abuse or malnutrition: Evidence for increased susceptibility to drug toxicity due to cardiopulmonary and renal insufficiency. Hepatology 1994; 19: 1141–1148.
- 102 Nourjah P, Ahmad SR, Karwoski C et al. Estimates of acetaminophen (Paracetomal)-associated overdoses in the United States. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2006; 15: 398–405.
- 103 MacDonald TM. Acetaminophen: Risk-management urgently required. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2006; 15: 406–409.
- 104 Allison JJ, Saag KG. Unbalanced regulation of over-the-counter analgesics: The lesser of two evils? Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2006; 15: 410–411.
- 105 Watkins PB, Kaplowitz N, Slattery JT et al. Aminotransferase elevations in healthy adults receiving 4 grams of acetaminophen daily: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006; 296: 87–93.
- 106 Ofman JJ, MacLean CH, Straus WL et al. A metaanalysis of severe upper gastrointestinal complications of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. J Rheumatol 2002; 29: 804–812.
- 107 Hernandez-Diaz S, Rodriguez LA. Association between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding/perforation: An overview of epidemiologic studies published in the 1990s. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 2093–2099.
- 108 Gabriel SE, Jaakkimainen L, Bombardier C. Risk for serious gastrointestinal complications related to use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115: 787–796.
- 109 Bollini P, Garcia Rodriguez LA, Perez Gutthann S et al. The impact of research quality and study design on epidemiologic estimates of the effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on upper gastrointestinal tract disease. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 1289–1295.
- 110 Richy F, Bruyere O, Ethgen O et al. Time dependent risk of gastrointestinal complications induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use: A consensus statement using a meta-analytic approach. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 63: 759–766.
- 111 Witter J. Medical Officer Review, 2000 [on-line]. Available at http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/briefing/3677b1_03_med.pdf Accessed August 15, 2006.
- 112 Silverstein FE, Faich G, Goldstein JL et al. Gastrointestinal toxicity with celecoxib vs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: The CLASS study: A randomized controlled trial. Celecoxib Long-Term Arthritis Safety Study. JAMA 2000; 284: 1247–1255.
- 113 Goldstein JL, Silverstein FE, Agrawal NM et al. Reduced risk of upper gastrointestinal ulcer complications with celecoxib, a novel COX-2 inhibitor. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95: 1681–1690.
- 114 Moore RA, Derry S, Makinson GT et al. Tolerability and adverse events in clinical trials of celecoxib in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: Systematic review and meta-analysis of information from company clinical trial reports. Arthritis Res Ther 2005; 7: R644–R665.
- 115 Derry S, Loke YK. Risk of gastrointestinal haemorrhage with long term use of aspirin: Meta-analysis. BMJ 2000; 321: 1183–1187.
- 116 McQuaid KR, Laine L. Systematic review and meta-analysis of adverse events of low-dose aspirin and clopidogrel in randomized controlled trials. Am J Med 2006; 119: 624–638.
- 117 Roderick PJ, Wilkes HC, Meade TW. The gastrointestinal toxicity of aspirin: An overview of randomised controlled trials. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1993; 35: 219–226.
- 118 Stalnikowicz-Darvasi R. Gastrointestinal bleeding during low-dose aspirin administration for prevention of arterial occlusive events. A critical analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol 1995; 21: 13–16.
- 119 Weisman SM, Graham DY. Evaluation of the benefits and risks of low-dose aspirin in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 2197–2202.
- 120 De Abajo FJ, Garcia Rodriguez LA. Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation associated with low-dose aspirin as plain and enteric-coated formulations. BMC Clin Pharmacol 2001; 1: 1.
- 121 Lanas A, Bajador E, Serrano P et al. Nitrovasodilators, low-dose aspirin, other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 834–839.
- 122 Weil J, Colin-Jones D, Langman M et al. Prophylactic aspirin and risk of peptic ulcer bleeding. BMJ 1995; 310: 827–830.
- 123 Silverstein FE, Graham DY, Senior JR et al. Misoprostol reduces serious gastrointestinal complications in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1995; 123: 241–249.
- 124 Singh G, Ramey DR, Morfeld D et al. Gastrointestinal tract complications of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. A prospective observational cohort study. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156: 1530–1536.
- 125 Shorr RI, Ray WA, Daugherty JR et al. Concurrent use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and oral anticoagulants places elderly persons at high risk for hemorrhagic peptic ulcer disease. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 1665–1670.
- 126 Garcia Rodriguez LA, Jick H. Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation associated with individual non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Lancet 1994; 343: 769–772.
- 127 Piper JM, Ray WA, Daugherty JR et al. Corticosteroid use and peptic ulcer disease: Role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114: 735–740.
- 128 Hernandez-Diaz S, Rodriguez LA. Steroids and risk of upper gastrointestinal complications. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 153: 1089–1093.
- 129 Hooper L, Brown TJ, Elliott R et al. The effectiveness of five strategies for the prevention of gastrointestinal toxicity induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Systematic review. BMJ 2004; 329: 948.
- 130 Lai KC, Lam SK, Chu KM et al. Lansoprazole for the prevention of recurrences of ulcer complications from long-term low-dose aspirin use. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 2033–2038.
- 131 Chan FK, Ching JY, Hung LC et al. Clopidogrel versus aspirin and esomeprazole to prevent recurrent ulcer bleeding. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 238–244.
- 132 Lanza FL. A guideline for the treatment and prevention of NSAID-induced ulcers. Members of the Ad Hoc Committee on Practice Parameters of the American College of Gastroenterology. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93: 2037–2046.
- 133 American College of Rheumatology Subcommittee on Osteoarthritis. Recommendations for the medical management of osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43: 1905–1915.
- 134 Yeomans ND, Tulassay Z, Juhasz L et al. A comparison of omeprazole with ranitidine for ulcers associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Acid Suppression Trial: Ranitidine versus Omeprazole for NSAID-associated Ulcer Treatment (ASTRONAUT) Study Group. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 719–726.
- 135 Hawkey CJ, Karrasch JA, Szczepanski L et al. Omeprazole compared with misoprostol for ulcers associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Omeprazole versus Misoprostol for NSAID-induced Ulcer Management (OMNIUM) Study Group. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 727–734.
- 136 Kane RL, Saleh KJ, Wilt TJ et al. Total knee replacement. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ) 2003; (86): 1–8.
- 137 Callahan CM, Drake BG, Heck DA et al. Patient outcomes following tricompartmental total knee replacement. A meta-analysis. JAMA 1994; 271: 1349–1357.
- 138 Zicat B, Rorabeck C, Bourne R et al. Total knee arthroplasty in the octogenarian. J Arthroplasty 1993; 8: 395–400.
- 139 Towheed T, Hochberg M. Health-related quality of life after total hip replacement. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1996; 26: 1–9.
- 140 White R, McCurdy S, Marder R. Early morbidity after total hip replacement: Rheumatoid arthritis versus osteoarthritis. J Gen Intern Med 1990; 5: 304–309.
- 141 Coventry M, Beckenbaugh R, Nolan D et al. 2012 total hip arthroplasties: A study of postoperative causes and early complications. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1974; 56A: 273–284.
- 142 Kavanagh B, Dewitz M, Ilstrup D et al. Charnley total hip arthroplasty with cement: Fifteen-year results. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1989; 71: 1496–1503.
- 143 Beckenbaugh R, Ilstrup D. Total hip arthroplasty: A review of three hundred thirty-three cases with long follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1978; 60A: 306–313.
- 144 NIH consensus statement on total knee replacement December 8-10, 2003. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004; 86-A (6): 1328–1335.